Association of Fasting Glucose and Insulin Resistance with NAFLD Progression

Abstract

Objective: To evaluate the association between fasting glucose, insulin resistance, and the progression of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD).

Material and Methods: This observational study was conducted at Imran Idrees Teaching Hospital, Sialkot, over six months. A total of 150 patients with NAFLD were included. Fasting glucose levels and HOMA-IR scores were measured to assess insulin resistance. Liver ultrasound and elastography were used to evaluate disease stage, while demographic and metabolic data were recorded. Statistical analyses identified correlations and trends between metabolic markers and NAFLD progression.

Results: Patients with advanced NAFLD exhibited significantly higher fasting glucose (mean: 135.8 mg/dL) and HOMA-IR scores (mean: 5.2) compared to those with simple steatosis (95.4 mg/dL; 2.1). A strong correlation was observed between fasting glucose, HOMA-IR, and disease severity (p < 0.001). Multivariate regression analysis identified both parameters as independent predictors of disease progression.

Conclusion: Fasting glucose and insulin resistance are strongly associated with NAFLD progression. These findings support their use as accessible, cost-effective biomarkers for early identification and management of advanced NAFLD. Integration of these markers into routine clinical practice can improve disease outcomes.